Those who do have a connection to epidemiology are figures either marginal, discredited, or controversial, like the hydroxychloriquine advocate Didier Raoult. These supposed experts are overwhelmingly people with no expertise in epidemiology: nurses, pharmacists, gynecologists, homeopaths, and cab drivers. Hold-Up, which clocks in at two hours and forty-nine minutes, consists almost entirely of talking heads presented as experts who make allegations and insinuations about hidden truths about the pandemic that a mysterious “they” are hiding. It continues to exert outsized influence on the French public and has been endorsed by popular figures like the actors Juliette Binoche and Sophie Marceau. Its presence on multiple platforms makes a final tallying of its viewership all but impossible. Its success is undeniable: in its first two weeks online Hold-Up was viewed 6 million times. Originally available on Vimeo, Hold-Up was later removed from the platform for spreading falsehoods about COVID-19 and transferred to a website noted for its right-wing and conspiracy-minded films it has since been uploaded to various other sites, and its trailer is available on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. The film was partially financed by contributions from over 13,000 people through two crowdsourcing campaigns promoted by Ema Krusi, a Swiss designer and far-right figure noted for her support of QAnon. The force of this denialism was made evident by the impact of the documentary Hold-Up, released online on November 11. Like in many other parts of the world, discontent with the government’s measures has gradually grown and, along with it, conspiracy thinking around COVID-19. In two waves of the coronavirus that have led to over 68,000 deaths, France has undergone two “confinements,” with all non-essential businesses shut down and restrictions, including curfews and closures, that exceeded any imposed in the United States. Liberty." (Alain Pitton/NurPhoto via Getty Images) Protesters in Toulouse hold a banner that reads, "Let the children breathe. A wildly popular documentary shows the depth of coronavirus denialism in France-and its relationship to right-wing movements worldwide.
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